Maintaining Trust and Preparing for Change During a Crisis

Maintaining Trust and Preparing for Change During a Crisis

Open, accurate, and consistent communication is one of the most important parts of an effective crisis response. Maintaining trust, particularly during a crisis when information is fluid and oftentimes contradictory, is critical. In order to address these concerns and maintain trust, research has shown communicators must prepare people for changes.

Without clear signals why policies might be changing, public trust in official institutions may be reduced. With a new and changing situation, communicators must prepare people for contradictions. As an example, by caveating statements with phrases such as “based on current trends,” or “based on what we know now,” their audiences can sense the information being provided is fluid and may change as new information becomes available.

Changing policies and date-driven information during a pandemic crisis should not be a big surprise. New information comes in daily and organizations are working to incorporate this new information into guidelines and key messages. However, these changes in messaging can reduce credibility, lower trust, and create confusion if organizations do not prepare people for changes. Public trust can be maintained if change is not due to intentional deception, but rather a changing landscape of new information. However, we must openly, clearly, and consistently remind people information may change.

Communicate Openly, Often & Repeatedly

We must also communicate openly, honestly, and often during a crisis. It’s important to develop effective key messages and to bolster them with good supporting information. The key messages serve as an anchor to which other messages are tethered, and they need to be repeated throughout the crisis. Messages should be crafted so that they are informative and helpful for people to gain a better understanding of the situation. For information that is needed, but not yet available, you should let people know that you are working to find the answers to their questions. Communicators must tell people what is known and what is not known. What is not known should be followed by communicating what steps will be taken in order to find answers to the unknowns.

Being Silent

It’s also important to remember that silence is not golden. If you are silent, it can:

  • Be seen as an indifference or as an affirmation of wrongdoing

  • Allows critics, opportunists, and news media to define the crisis, your motives, and your actions

  • Challenges and invites critics and opportunists to rally public opinion against you

Trust is difficult to regain

Research conducted by Dr. Vincent Covello shows that it takes as long as two years to regain trust. We must make smart choices quickly to maintain trust as the crisis continues to play out and evolve. If we are unable to make smart choices and implement those choices, then there is great potential trust will fall or we may lose it altogether.

If you remember one thing, make it this: trust is hard to regain. If we can make smart choices quickly, always provide truthful information, and acknowledge information will change as circumstances change, we can maintain trust throughout the crisis. Ultimately, when it comes to maintaining trust, honesty is always the best policy – even if that means telling people something they do not want to hear.

Want to learn more about creating a strategic communications plan? If your organization would like further information on message maps or would like to receive a free crisis communication assessment to develop a crisis communications plan, please contact our experts at info@summitet.com or https://summitet.com/contact-us.

Our Strategic Communication team stands at the ready to forecast cascading threats and develop public communication strategies to influence behavior, build confidence, and maintain the public trust.

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SummitET® is recognized by SHRM and offers Professional Development Credits (PDCs) for SHRM-CP® or SHRM-SCP®. For more information about certification or recertification, please visit www.shrmcertification.org. 

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Hospital Preparedness; The Four S’s of Surge Capacity

Hospital Preparedness; The Four S’s of Surge Capacity

Over the past month, COVID-19 has impacted us in ways we never thought possible. We are confronting school closures, working from home, closings of our favorite bars, restaurants, and retail establishments, cancellation of entertainment and sports events, and shortages of food and paper products on grocery shelves. This impact has also been deeply felt by healthcare providers and hospitals.

What is Surge Capacity?

According to The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) https://www.acep.org/patient-care/policy-statements/health-care-system-surge-capacity-recognition-preparedness-and-response/, surge capacity is…

“a measurable representation of ability to manage a sudden influx of patients. . . dependent on a well-functioning incident management system and the variables of space, supplies, staff . . .”

Surge capacity is unique for each hospital. It is logical to assume hospitals in larger cities have more surge capacity than those located in smaller locales. However, it does not mean the larger hospital has an infinite surge capacity. In a recent Knox County, Tennessee, Health Department COVID-19 news conference, the spokesperson was asked to define surge in layperson terms. In response, the official said it boils down to…

The Four S’s:

  1. Staff: healthcare providers, doctors, nurses, lab techs, etc.

  2. Space: the number of patient beds available

  3. Stuff: supplies such as protective personal equipment (PPE), masks, ventilators, face shields, drugs, etc.

  4. Situation: COVID-19

On the healthcare front, medical care providers face challenges that include not only making life and death decisions, but long-/short-term mental health and potential post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) issues, shortages of medical equipment, healthcare workers’ and first responders’ safety. Daily, hospital surge capacity is discussed on every news program. We have become more aware of challenges confronting our healthcare industry as a result of COVID-19.

The average American, who has more than likely  seen too many made-for-TV dramas, may assume hospitals can respond to any emergency regardless of its magnitude. COVID-19 presents us with new healthcare jargon to understand such as PPE, vents, face shields, and one of the most important, surge capacity.

Learn More

To learn more about surge capacity and hospital preparedness, check out these links:

If your organization would like additional information or to learn more about how SummitET® can support your organization’s preparedness, please contact our experts at info@summitet.com or https://summitet.com/contact-us.

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Communication Through Message Mapping

Communication Through Message Mapping

Messages play an important role in determining the success of communication efforts before, during, and after a crisis. One of the major issues facing organizations during a crisis is mixed messages from multiple experts. When this occurs, the public can become unsure which message is the most credible. As a result, the tendency is to reject the message and seek alternate messages that reinforce their own existing belief systems. These “new” messages can be contradictory to valid protective action messages and impact the public’s ability to internalize and act upon the correct message.

Previous research conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Dr. Vincent Covello led to the collection and analysis of data as to the importance of crisis communication and  message development. The result is a vast array of science-based tools and templates crisis communicators can employ to achieve greater communication success, such as a message map

According to Dr. Covello, a message map is a roadmap for displaying detailed, hierarchically organized responses to anticipated questions or concerns. It is a visual aid that provides the organization’s messages for high concern or controversial issues.

The Purpose of Message Mapping

Developing and using message maps achieves several important communication goals:

  1. Identifying stakeholders early in the communication process.

  2. Anticipating stakeholder questions and concerns before they are raised.

  3. Organizing our thinking and developing prepared messages in response to anticipated stakeholder questions and concerns.

  4. Developing key messages and supporting information within a clear, concise, transparent, and accessible framework.

  5. Promoting open dialogue about messages both inside and outside the organization.

  6. Providing user friendly guidance to spokespersons.

  7. Ensuring that the organization has a central repository of consistent messages.

  8. Encouraging the organization to speak with one voice.

Book a workshop to develop personalized Pre-Scripted Messages.

message mapping outline

Message Map Guidelines

Based on Covello’s mental noise theory, humans have a diminished ability to process information when in a crisis. Therefore, message maps use the “Rule of Three”:

  • Ideally three key messages (or one key message with three parts) for each underlying concern or specific question.

  • Individual key messages should also be  brief; ideally less than three seconds (or fewer than nine words) for each key message.  The entire set of three key messages should be less than nine seconds (or 27 words).

Each Key Message < 3 seconds (or 9 words)

Entire Set of 3 Messages < 9 seconds (or 27 words)

Responses to high risk, high concern crises such as a pandemic require organizations to recast their understanding and thinking about how to communicate information that protects the health and safety of the public, as well as their reputation and trust.

Check out this excellent resource titled “COVID-19: Simple Answers to Top Questions Risk Communication Field Guide Questions and Key Messages” which was published on March 25, 2020 and developed by Vincent Covello and Randall Hyer. This resource offers many crisis communication tools and templates to help your organization achieve  success in response to COVID-19.

If your organization would like further information on message maps, identifying and addressing misinformation on social media, or would like to receive a free crisis communication assessment to develop a crisis communications plan, please contact our experts at info@summitet.com or https://summitet.com/contact-us.

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In a Crisis? Got a Plan?

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The Importance of a Crisis Communication Plan for Government and Non-Government Organizations

Planning for the inevitable, a crisis or emergency, is a practice every organization should employ. As we’ve seen recently with COVID-19, the unthinkable can become thinkable, and planning, strategizing, training, and exercising are essential functions for any organization to successfully weather a crisis or emergency. While effective communications during a time of crisis can positively reflect on an organization, ineffective communications during a time of crisis or emergency can surely endanger an organization and potentially the lives of an organization’s stakeholders. Ultimately, it is the organization’s responsibility to determine which communication path to take. This is why it is incumbent upon organizations to develop, train and exercise a crisis communications plan.

Four things to consider when building your crisis communication plan:

1. Crisis Decision Making

Stakeholders tend to simplify messages to match their belief system paradigm(s). Communication professionals should evaluate their messaging processes for clarity, conciseness, and relevance to ensure internal and external stakeholders recognize, synthesize, internalize and act on the message(s). During decision making processes, communication professionals should consider both intended and unintended consequences may occur due to underlying organizational and stakeholder issues. Awareness of underlying issues that may impact internal and external stakeholders should be considered.
6 Crisis decision making steps
6 Crisis decision making steps

2. Psychological Factors to Consider

Depending on the incident, psychological considerations can have tremendous impact on individuals and organizations by influencing how they process information. Selecting and structuring communication may vary based on the issue, impact (perceived and real), timeliness, etc., as well as the delivery mechanism, i.e., social media. Communicators should develop messages centered on what stakeholders might do to protect themselves and their families, i.e., call the doctor, check on a neighbor/elderly, etc. Research by Dr. Vincent Covello, indicates that individuals can process up to three key messages in times of crisis. Use of a message map that can be integrated into your crisis communication plan is suggested to ensure your messages are hitting the mark and that your organization is not adding mental noise by providing information overload.
Chart depicting Risk Communication Summary

3. Effective Communication in a Crisis

Uncertainty is the greatest concern for most stakeholders. Provide them with a three-part action plan: 1) what they can do, 2) what they should do, and 3) what they must do to protect themselves and their families. An action plan may help reduce anxiety, feelings of victimization, and help to restore a sense of self-control.

4. Potential Communication Barriers

Other demographic data such as socio-economic status and educational attainment of the stakeholder community can affect communication during a crisis or emergency. Ongoing research suggests socio-economic status and education disparities can impact stakeholders’ receptiveness (filtering) of crisis messaging. These two factors can greatly influence an organization’s message(s) delivery and development methods (i.e., such as social media, platforms, texting, written or visual media, etc.). Communicating messages to special populations such as expecting mothers, homeless, substance abusers, and evacuees, must be considered. In addition to socio-economic status, educational levels, and other issues , the audience’s perception/acceptance of risk, your credibility, message context, verbal and nonverbal cues, and other influencing factors may create barriers or otherwise impede message acceptance. Developing messages that are simple, timely, accurate, relevant, credible, and consistent will help overcome most communication barriers.
Infographic with the possible barriers to communications
Appropriate use of crisis and risk communication techniques and principles can be used to motivate stakeholders in taking appropriate actions or prevent stakeholders from taking inappropriate actions during a crisis or emergency. As communication professionals, our ultimate goal is to keep our stakeholders informed about issues affecting their lives and to potentially save lives. If your organization is interested in developing a crisis communication plan or training/exercising to an existing plan to identify gaps, strengths, and weaknesses, please contact the SummitET® Strategic Communications team.

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What the Fusion of Social Science and Strategic Communications means for Private Industry

What the Fusion of Social Science and Strategic Communications means for Private Industry

While there are countless research studies, surveys, and white papers to analyze communications questions related to public health and safety, there had been no established single venue for professional communicators and social scientists to come together and bridge the gap between science and practice and provide direct application to communications practice in private industry…until now.

Social Science

Social science encompasses the scientific study of human society and social relationships.

Strategic Communications

Strategic communication refers to the internal and external communication strategies designed to engage stakeholders.

Venn diagram of the overlap of strategic communications and social sciences

Bridging the Gap

Bridging the gap connects similar ideas or makes the difference between them smaller. Connecting social science to the practice of strategic communication provides practitioners with scientifically-proven methodologies and strategies which enhance internal and external communications. As stakeholder expectations evolve due to changes in the environment and human psychology, public affairs practitioners must be equipped to adjust communication methods and strategies to effectively address public health and safety issues.

To solve this issue and bridge this gap, Mark Basnight and Holly Hardin established the Public Affairs Science and Technology (PAST) Fusion Cell at Argonne National Laboratory in 2016.  PAST monitored, observed, and conducted real-time research on world events, applied social science to the practice of risk and crisis communication, identified training gaps, and established best practices for public affairs. This program was developed specifically for public affairs officers, public information officers, and external affairs officers working in emergency management and public health and safety.

Bringing this Capability to the Private Industry

While this program was available to national labs and government agencies, private industry had limited access to this training. Basnight and Hardin joined SummitET® in 2020, and are prepared to provide private industry with customized strategic communications assessments, planning, training, and exercise services and products.

What this means for Private Industry

These new approaches allow private business and industry to prepare effective communication during pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis events such as manmade, natural, and technical disasters.

The Property Claim Services (PCS) division of Verisk Analytics defines a catastrophe as an event that causes $25 million or more in insured property losses and affects a significant number of property/casualty policyholders and insurers.

The table below it shows there were in excess of 350 catastrophes in the US between 2009 and 2018. That equates to an incredible amount of communication needed as businesses need to be able to reach their customers and employees during/after catastrophic incidents.

Estimated Insured Property Losses,

U.S. Catastrophes, 2009-2018

Estimated insured property losses i the US 2009-2018

(1) Includes catastrophes causing insured property losses of at least $25 million in 1997 dollars and affecting a significant number of policyholders and insurers. Excludes losses covered by the federally administered National Flood Insurance Program. As of November 20, 2019.
(2) Adjusted for inflation through 2018 by the Insurance Information Institute using the GDP implicit price deflator.
Source: Property Claim Services® (PCS®), a unit of ISO®, a Verisk Analytics® company; Bureau of Economic Analysis

The number of catastrophic events that occurred just in the United States during this 10-year period highlights how important it is for organizations to periodically and holistically assess communications and create an integrated, multidisciplinary approach that furthers their organizational communication goals.

To learn more about SummitET’s team of subject-matter experts, communication practitioners’ unique qualifications, and specific product offerings click here.

Contributor
Holly Hardin
Strategic Communications Manager
SummitET

Self-Preservation for the Communication Professional – Insight from the Frontlines

Self-Preservation for the Communication Professional – Insight from the Frontlines

During COVID-19, communication professionals, worldwide, are working around the clock to gather, verify, and distribute critical information to their internal and external stakeholders. We are so busy gathering data that sometimes we overlook our personal and psychological needs. Recognizing the signs of psychological fatigue and reducing stress are important for the long-term well-being of a communication professional.

cartoon man running from information overload

With ever-changing information, the rapid growth and presence of social media platforms, and the public’s appetite for instantaneous information, the communication professional’s role becomes more complicated and stressful which places undue pressures on our psychological health. As with our stakeholders, psychological considerations can have tremendous impact on how we process information ourselves. We juggle issues such as message structuring, timeliness, accuracy, relevance, and delivery mechanisms to meet the informational needs of our stakeholders. However, we need recognize the importance of addressing and reducing our own psychological needs to remain an effective communicator. Addressing psychological impacts may require greater resources and manpower that may be in short supply or even nonexistent.

Recognize and Overcome

cartoon images speaking to one another

It’s important to recognize common reactions such as sadness, anger, fear, difficulty sleeping, or impaired ability to concentrate. To overcome some of this anxiety, consider integrating some of the following into your routine:

  1. Impose a self-regulated “time-out” every two hours. Walk away from the action (i.e., down the hall, outside for a breath of fresh air, a cup of coffee, water break, etc.)
  2. Walk around the building to clear your mind, perform simple exercises such as stretching, chair squats, wall push-ups, etc.
  3. Employ a sense of humor with family, friends, and colleagues. Even in crisis situations, lighthearted moments occur.  Don’t be afraid to capitalize on this opportunity.  Laughter boosts the immune system, decreases stress levels, lowers blood pressure, and can relax your muscles for up to 45 minutes.

Develop a Strategy

cartoon images developing a strategy on a calender

Ask yourself the following questions when developing communication strategies:

  1. Can you overcome the effects of your own mental noise as you develop communication strategies?
  2. Will internal and external stakeholders trust you, your messaging, and your delivery mechanism?
  3. How do/will you respond to internal and external frustration and outrage factors?
  4. Can you rise above self-doubts, distorted communication, and outside influences to deliver a successful crisis communication strategy?

Early Detection

Early detection of psychological stressors and developing coping mechanisms will help all of us as we continue our goal of providing important information to our stakeholders. If you are feeling these stressors and you have access to “inside” information, think about your stakeholders’ perspective, lack of information, and how their stress levels may be increasing. Remember, science and research have shown us these are all normal feelings and emotions. For example, research by renowned social scientists and risk and crisis communications experts such as Dr. Vincent Covello provide a wealth of knowledge for honing and applying best practices in the communications work we do. A few important principles and concepts to integrate into your communications strategies are listed below:

Chart depicting Risk Communication Summary

Mental Noise – everyone suffers from mental noise
Example: personal/professional issues, looming deadlines, patient issues, etc.

Trust determination – demonstrated in verbal and non-verbal communication:

  1. Empathy/caring
  2. Competence/expertise
  3. Commitment/dedication
  4. Honesty/openness

pie chart for establishing trust in high stress situation

Negative dominance is based on previous experiences, hearsay, negative images, rumors/misinformation, words, etc.

Note: Negative experiences, words, or actions are usually embedded and remembered more than positive experiences/messages. Create as many positive messages and images as possible to counteract negatives.

Risk perception – what are the risks associated with the incident of concern?  Are those perceptions-based factors such as personal experiences, hearsay, rumor/misinformation, etc.?

Chart of factors influencing risk perception

During your COVID-19 response activities remember there is a “me” in “team!” Hopefully, understanding the importance of “me” will help you and your teams maximize your strengths, grab the attention of your stakeholders, and lead to a cohesive communication response. For “me,” I am following the advice I teach in my risk and crisis communication training, by developing a three-part action plan;

  1. What should be done?
  2. What can be done?
  3. What must be done? Developing and operationalizing your own personal action plan can help reduce stress levels, provide clearer direction, and boost your self-confidence.

If you’d like additional information on SummitET’s strategic communication assessment, planning, training, and exercise support capabilities, please contact info@summitet.com.

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